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【单选题】
Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology (病因学) is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.
Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.
Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.
A.
A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies.
B.
In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.
C.
What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to pr or reduce contamination A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.
D.
Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast (酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.
E.
Directions:
F.
The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
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题目标签：病因学
参考答案：
参考解析：
刷刷题刷刷变学霸
举一反三
【多选题】病因学的发展经历了( )。
A.
病因认识上的蒙昧时期
B.
唯心主义病因观时期
C.
朴素唯物主义病因观时期
D.
生物学的决定论病因观时期
E.
生态学的多病因观时期
【单选题】患皮肤癌的病因学中，无关的是（）
A.
长期日光暴晒或受到过量的放射线照射
B.
长期接触沥青、煤焦油、砷剂等化学物质
C.
不良嗜好，如酗酒、吸烟等
D.
慢性溃疡或窦道、慢性肉芽肿
E.
遗传因素
【单选题】Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology (病因学) is comp...
A.
A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies.
B.
In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.
C.
What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.
D.
Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast (酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.
E.
Directions:
F.
The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
【单选题】患皮肤癌的病因学中，无关的是（）。
A.
长期日光暴晒或受到过量的放射线照射
B.
长期接触沥青、煤焦油、砷剂等化学物质
C.
不良嗜好，如酗酒、吸烟等
D.
慢性溃疡或窦道、慢性肉芽肿
E.
遗传因素
【单选题】Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology (病因学) is comp...
A.
A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies.
B.
In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.
C.
What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.
D.
Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast (酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.
E.
Directions:
F.
The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
【单选题】Part B Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the e...
A.
Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.