病因学预防是指

为防止引起致命后果的行为而采取的措施

心理咨询和早期危机干预

加强对高危个体的药物和心理治疗

开展对导致自杀的环境因素的研究

隔离患者

加强猪的管理

疫苗接种

防鼠、灭鼠

防蚊、灭蚊 ；疫苗接种

灭螺

普治

灭螺和普治

粪便和水源管理

保护易感人群

病因预防，消除或减少可能致癌物侵入人体，降低发病率

避免工业污染物污染居民生活区

早期发现.早期诊断.早期治疗，提高生存率，降低病死率

为能早期发现癌症，强调每6个月作一次全面体检

诊治后的康复，提高生存质量，减轻痛苦，延长生命

保持乳头清洁

养成定时哺乳习惯

每次授乳后排空乳汁

及时治疗破损乳头

婴儿睡觉时不含乳头

蔬菜和水果

动物油

奶及奶制品

谷薯类食物

A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies.

In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.

What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to pr or reduce contamination A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.

Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast (酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.

The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

生物标志物

生物肥料

生物吸附剂

生物质能源

防治感染

保肾

ACEI

多饮水

加强营养，增强体质

倒睫

结膜炎

麦粒肿

外伤

睫状体炎

氟化物防龋

早期充填

拔除不能保留的残根残冠

窝沟封闭

洁治

降低摄盐量

控制体重

减少食物中的脂肪含量

多食用新鲜蔬菜、降低摄盐量、控制体重、减少食物中的脂肪含量

降低摄盐量、控制体重、减少食物中的脂肪含量

促进康复

针对发病早期

防止并发症和伤残

防止疾病复发

针对无病期

A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies.

In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.

What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to pr or reduce contamination A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.

Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast (酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.

The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.

静心态、平稳情绪

改变或调整不良生活习惯

适时缓解过度紧张和压力

积极治疗疾病