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I have mentioned that English surnames can be like Smith or Baker, indicating how the original bearer of the name earned his living, or like Johnson and Nixon, they can mean "son of" a particular person. Another group of surnames describes what the first person to bear the name looked like, or comments on some aspects of his personality. Brown is a typical example of such a name, indicating a man who had brown hair. In the Middle Ages, when surnames were becoming hereditary (的), most Englishmen probably had fair hair, so the man with brown hair was unusual. Similar surnames are Grey, for someone whose hair was that color, and Read or Reed, for a red-head. A man who was noted for his great strength might be known simply as Strong. He could also be called Turnbull because of his ability to take a bull by the horns and roll it over. If he was both strong and courageous, then he might earn the right to be called Hardy. Names which are comments on someone’s behavior include Wild and Savage. More complimentary are names like Goodfellow, for a popular man, and Jolly, for someone who laughed a great deal. The modern form of a surname may be rather misleading, having changed its spelling or its meaning. A man called Blackbird, for instance, had an ancestor with a black beard. now suggests someone of limited wisdom, but it used to refer to an honest person.

Baker refers to the person ______.