The U. S. Congress Composition of the U. S. Congress The U. S. Congress is the legislative branch of the Federal Government. It is a bicameral (两院制的 ) law- body of more than 500 members. Its two chambers are respectively called the House of Representatives and the Senate. The American two-house legislature, a product of the compromise between big states and small ones, embodies the American principle of balances and checks. All bills must carry both houses before becoming law. The Membership and Election of Both Chambers The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Congress. The membership of the House is distributed among the states according to their different populations. Since 1910, the House has had a permanent membership of 435, with each representative representing about half a million Americans. Under the principle that each state is guaranteed at least one representative, Nevada, a state with a small population, sends only one representative to the House. California has more than 40 Representatives in the House because of its large population. The election of Representatives is organized by the state legislature which divides the state into a number of districts known as Congressional districts. Each district, with a population of nearly half a million, elects one Representative to the House. A Representative’’s term of office is set at two years, but there is no limit to the number of his terms. A new Representative can hardly feel easy about his position. Hardly has he begun his work in the Congress when he finds it’’s time for him to seek re-election. The Senate is the upper house of the US Congress. Representation in the Senate is based on the principle of state equality. The Senate is comprised of 100 Senators, two from each of the fifty states. Senators have been directly elected by voters of their respective states since 1913. Their term of office is six years. A Senator must be at least thirty years of age and a citizen for nine years. Senators with Greater Prestige Generally speaking, Senators are accorded greater prestige than their colleagues in the lower house. Many Representatives aspire to win the election to the Senate. Senators derive their prestige from the following facts. They are less numerous, for there are fewer than one-fourth as many Senators as Representatives, or Congressmen. Elected by the whole state instead of a single congressional district, most Senators represent more constituents than do House members. They are less worried by the problem of seeking re-electives. What’’s more, the Senate is vested with special powers which it does not share with the House. It has the power to ratify or deny proposed treaties, nominations proposed by the President. In line with the tradition of "senatorial courtesy," the Senate always rejects a nominee who is objected to by a Senator of the state from which he comes. It won’’t do to neglect the importance of the Senate in foreign affairs. Without its cooperation and support, the President can hardly take any significant action in foreign relations. A Secretary of State on good terms with the Senators is always important for the President. Foreign countries must try to establish good relations with the US Senate if they intend to make a bargain with the United States. The Work of the Two Chambers The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President who functions as a kind of chairman when the Senate is in session. The chief spokesman of the House is known as the speaker who is the leader of the majority party in the House. The Speaker is the most influential figure in the House because he directs his party’’s forces in legislative battles. Leaders of Both Parties Both parties have their leaders in the Congress, who are known as floor leaders. Floor leaders are elected by their respective party meetings, the meeting of party members in one of the two houses. Because floor leaders, both majority and minority, hold critical positions in the Congress, they are sometimes invited to the White House for conference with the President. The Operation of the Congress The Congress is a legislative body, but it relies on its various committees to do preparatory work. The Senate and the House have several dozen standing or special committees to deal with problems of different natures. The seats of the committees are divided between the two parties in proportion to their respective membership in the Congress. But the committee chairman is always a member of the majority party who has been in the Senate or the House without interruption for longer than anybody else on the committee. The custom is known as "seniority rule." Most proposed laws in the Congress are known as bills. All bills introduced during a two-year congressional term are designated "HR" in the House and "S" in the Senate, with consecutive (连续的) numbers assigned in order in which they are introduced in each house. After this, the bills are referred to the relevant committees for further study. To assess the bill at its true worth, the relevant committee usually organizes its sub-committee to conduct detailed study. There is no doubt that the sub-committee will study the literal sense of the bill. But it also holds meetings with the citizens who want to state their opinions about the bill. These meetings are commonly known as hearings. The purpose of the sub-committee in holding these hearings is to obtain information on the bill before it. The sub-committee may summon people to appear at the hearings and to testify. After finishing study of the bill, the sub-committee will report the result to the full committee. The committee chairman then has a choice between two things. He can send the bill to the house for further consideration. He can also pigeonhole (搁置), or kill it by putting it aside and not reporting it. For this reason, a committee chairman is regarded as an important person in the Congress. It won’’t do to neglect him. Some Important Committees in the Two Chambers There are some important committees in the Senate and the House. The Budget Committee are to recommend policy guidelines each fiscal (财政的) year to aid Congress in considering the annual Federal budget. The Appropriation Committee in both houses of the Congress study the demand for money from the President and aid Congress in appropriating a sum of money to finance a program suggested by the President. The Foreign Relations Committees study American foreign policies and examine American foreign treaties before giving their opinions to Congress for reference. The Ways and Means Committee is a standing committee of the House of Representatives. It has the exclusive power to study bills for raising revenue. It also considers the problems concerning taxes and tariffs. In language, its work is to explore the sources of money for the expenditures of the Federal Government. The Investigating Committee is to exercise a fact-finding role as an aid to the law- process. Anyone who refuses to testify before it may be punished by law. The Investigating Committee is something like an information agency of the Congress. It is also a Watchdog Committee, for it oversees the work of the Administration. Its investigations reach every level and department of the government. The last but most important committee is the Rules Committee. It is a committee of the House. It picks out only those bills it likes and sends them to Congressmen for their consideration. Two chambers of the U.S. Congress are the House of Representatives and the Senate.