Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are flour choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One

Talk to any parent of a student who took an adventurous gap year (a year between school and university when some students earn money, travel, etc. ) and a misty look will come into their eyes. There are some disasters and even the most motivated, organised gap student docs require family back-up, financial, cmotional and physical. The parental mistiness is not just about the brilliant experience that has matured their offspring; it is vicarious living. We all wish pre-university gap years had been the fashion in our day. We can see how much tougher our kids become, how much more prepared to benefit from university or to decide positively that they are going to do something other than a degree. Gap years arc fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of charities and private companies offering them. Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade. The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, and includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, very commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English. With this trend, however, comes a er. Once parents feel that a well-structured year is essential to their would-be undergraduate’s progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies’ blurbs (产品推介)suggest it might be, then parents will start organizing-- and paying for--the gaps. Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, director of the gap companies’ umbrella organization, the Year Out Group, it is usually because of poor planning. That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation. "When people get it wrong, it is usually medical or, especially among girls, it is that they have not been away from home before or because expectation does not match reality." The point of a gap year is that it should be the time when the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies. The 18-year-old, who was dispatched by his parents at two weeks’ notice to Canada to learn to be a snowboarding instructor at a cost of 5 800, probably came back with little more than a hangover. The 18-year-old on the same package who worked for his fare and spent the rest of his year instructing in resorts from New Zealand to Switzerland. and came back to apply for university, is the positive counterbalance.

An 18-year-old is believed to take a meaningful gap year when he/she ______.