In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful s. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative s like "serious illness of a family member" were high. on the list, but so were some positive life-changing s, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress--it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these s dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like "Stress causes illness." If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful s. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even ff stressful s are erous, many--hke the death of a loved one- are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful s is a prescription (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境). But what about human initiative and creativity Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.

The studies on stress in the early 1970’s led to ______.