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【单选题】

Most economists in the United States seem excited by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems harmful. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the Seller) as both "normal" and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have. Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970"s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the Unites States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise little influence than are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.Notes: spell 魔力; 一阵。aggregate 总体。 The suggestion in the text that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal arises from the author"s statement that price-fixing is _____.

A.
a profitable result of economic development.
B.
an inevitable result of the industrial system.
C.
the result of a number of carefully organized decisions.
D.
a phenomenon common to industrialized and non-industrialized societies.
题目标签:总体一阵
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【单选题】在抽样研究中"总体均数"与"总体标准差"

A.
一般是不知道的
B.
不知道但可以由样本计算出
C.
总是知道的
D.
是给定的两个已知量
E.
二者相等

【单选题】下面关于总体的表述,正确的是

A.
只要是研究者抽取的样本总体就一定有代表性
B.
总体的界定取决于研究者的研究目的
C.
总体的界定可以根据研究者的主观意愿随意界定
D.
总体的界定可以不考虑研究的外部效度

【多选题】总体单位是总体的基本组成单位,是标志的直接承担者。因此()

A.
在国营企业这个总体下,每个国营企业就是总体单位
B.
在工业总产值这个总体下,单位总产值就是总体单位
C.
在全国总人口这个总体下,一个省的总人口就是总体单位
D.
在全部工业产品这个总体下,每一个工业产品就是总体单位
E.
在全部固定资产这一总体下,每个固定资产的价值就是总体单位