A vacation-crushing theory on how to improve student performance is gaining traction: more time in class.
It’s a strategy supported by both President Barack Obama and Education Secretary Arne Duncan, and cities and states are experimenting with various approaches. Cincinnati, Ohio, for example, in June started giving students in the city’s 13 most persistently failing public schools the option of an extra month of classes.
Educators have been eyeing more class time for decades. The landmark 1983 federal report A Nation at Risk, which highlighted the growing achievement gap between the US and other countries, recommended that school districts "strongly consider" a seven-hour day and a 200 to 220-day academic year, which would hew more closely to the schedules in higher-performing Europe and Asia. Although the practice has yet to go mainstream, there’s a big push to add school hours in underperforming districts. One champion of this movement is Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, who on July 8 introduced the Time for Innovation Matters in Education Act, which would provide federal grants for states and districts to "expand learning time in high-need, high-poverty schools".
One of the nation’s most closely watched experiments along these lines is Massachusetts’ Expanded Learning Time (ELT) Initiative. Launched in 2006, the program involves 26 low-performing schools that have each added approximately 1.5 to 2 hours per day to their school calendar. "We’re in the early innings of proving how to extend school hours responsibly and effectively," says Chris Gabrieli, chairman of Massachusetts 2020, which helped originate the ELT idea. "But clearly, focusing on the students that are furthest behind is where it makes the most sense. Middle-class kids, they get a lot more learning time outside of school—they get tutors, they get arts programmes, they get music programs, they get summer camps."
Researchers estimate that low-income students can lose two months of math and reading achievement owing to a lack of reinforcement during the summer break.
Critics of extended school time point to the fact that it’s expensive to keep schools open longer. In Massachusetts, for instance, ELT schools receive an additional $1,300 per student, on top of the basic state allotment (拨款). And, some ask, if a school is low-performing, if the teachers or curriculums or parental involvement isn’t up to snuff (符合标准), how much good will more class time really do "You can’t just extend time in these schools by 30%," says Elena Silva, an yst with Education Sector, an independent think tank. "That in and of itself is not going to work as a strategy to turn around schools."
That’s why Massachusetts makes schools completely redesign instruction plans before they can receive ELT money. Elsewhere, high-performing charter schools, like those in the Knowledge Is Power Programme (KIPP) network, combine more class time with a rigorous curriculum and exceptionally devoted teachers. More hours and days are key, says Steve Mancini, KIPP’s public affairs director. But so is everything else. "Time is just a piece of the puzzle," he says. "It’s what you do with that time that matters.\
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