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【简答题】

At the end of the fifth century, celestial navigation was just being developed in Europe, primarily by the Portuguese. Prior to the development of celestial navigation, sailors navigated by "deduced" (or "dead") reckoning, hereafter called DR. This was the method used by Columbus and most other sailors of his era. In DR, the navigator finds his position by measuring the course and distance he has sailed from some known point. Starting from a known point, such as a port, the navigator measures out his course and distance from that point on a chart, pricking the chart with a pin to mark the new position. Each day’ s ending position would be the starting point for the next day’s course-and-distance measurement.
41._______________________.
The ship’s speed was measured by throwing a piece of flotsam over the side of the ship. There were two marks on the ship’s rail a measured distance apart. When the flotsam passed the forward mark, the pilot would start a quick chant, and when it passed the aft mark, the pilot would stop chanting. The pilot would note the last syllable reached in the chant, and he had a mnemonic that would convert that syllable into a speed in miles per hour. This method would not work when the ship was moving very slowly, since the chant would nm to the end before the flotsam had reached the aft mark.
42.____________________.
Columbus was the first sailor (that we know of) who kept a detailed log of his voyages, but only the log of the first voyage survives in any detail. It is by these records that we know how Columbus navigated, and how we know that he was primarily a DR navigator.
43.___________________. If Columbus had been a celestial navigator, we would expect to see continuous records of celestial observations; but Columbus’s log does not show such records during either of the transatlantic portions of the first voyage.
It has been supposed by some scholars that Columbus was a celestial navigator anyway, and was using unrecorded celestial checks on his latitude as he sailed west on his first voyage. 44.______________________ In other words, if Columbus were a celestial navigator, we would expect to see a sense of small intermittent course corrections in order to stay at a celestially determined latitude. These corrections should occur about every three or four days, perhaps more often.
But that is not what the log shows. 45.________________. Only three times does Columbus depart from this course: once because of contrary winds, and twice to chase false signs of land southwest. In none of these cases does he show any desire to return to a celestially-determined latitude . This argument is a killer for the celestial hypothesis.
[A] Since DR is dependent upon continuous measurements of course and distance sailed, we should expect that any log kept by a DR navigator would have these records; and this is exactly what Columbus’s log looks like.
[B] On his return voyage in 1493, Columbus started from Samaria Bay on the north coast of Hispaniola, and he made landfall at Santa Maria Island in the Azores. We know his entire DR courses and distances between these two points, since they’re recorded in his log.
[C] In order for this method to work, the navigator needs a way to measure his course, and a way to measure the distance sailed. Course was measured by a magnetic compass. Distance was determined by a time and speed calculation: the navigator multiplied the speed of the vessel (in miles per hour) by the time traveled to get the distance.
[D] On the first voyage westbound, Columbus sticks doggedly to his magnetic westward course for weeks at a time.
[E] Could Columbus has corrected his compasses by checking them against the stars and thus avoids the need for course corrections This would have been possible in theory, but we know that Columbus could not have actually done this.
[F] Speed (and distance) was measured every hour. The officer of the watch would keep track of the speed and course sailed every hour by using a peg-board with holes radiating from the center along every point of the compass. The peg was moved from the center along the course traveled, for the distance made during that hour. After four hours, another peg was used to represent the distance made good in leagues during the whole watch. At the end of the day, the total distance and course for the day was transferred to the chart.
[G] In that case, as magnetic variation pulled his course southward from true west, he would have noticed the discrepancy from his celestial observations, and he would have corrected it.

45()

At the end of the fifth century, celestial navigation was just being developed in Europe, primarily by the Portuguese. Prior to the development of celestial navigation, sailors navigated by "deduced" (or "dead") reckoning, hereafter called DR. This was the method used by Columbus and most other sailors of his era. In DR, the navigator finds his position by measuring the course and distance he has sailed from some known point. Starting from a known point, such as a port, the navigator measures out his course and distance from that point on a chart, pricking the chart with a pin to mark the new position. Each day’ s ending position would be the starting point for the next day’s course-and-distance measurement.
41._______________________.
The ship’s speed was measured by throwing a piece of flotsam over the side of the ship. There were two marks on the ship’s rail a measured distance apart. When the flotsam passed the forward mark, the pilot would start a quick chant, and when it passed the aft mark, the pilot would stop chanting. The pilot would note the last syllable reached in the chant, and he had a mnemonic that would convert that syllable into a speed in miles per hour. This method would not work when the ship was moving very slowly, since the chant would nm to the end before the flotsam had reached the aft mark.
42.____________________.
Columbus was the first sailor (that we know of) who kept a detailed log of his voyages, but only the log of the first voyage survives in any detail. It is by these records that we know how Columbus navigated, and how we know that he was primarily a DR navigator.
43.___________________. If Columbus had been a celestial navigator, we would expect to see continuous records of celestial observations; but Columbus’s log does not show such records during either of the transatlantic portions of the first voyage.
It has been supposed by some scholars that Columbus was a celestial navigator anyway, and was using unrecorded celestial checks on his latitude as he sailed west on his first voyage. 44.______________________ In other words, if Columbus were a celestial navigator, we would expect to see a sense of small intermittent course corrections in order to stay at a celestially determined latitude. These corrections should occur about every three or four days, perhaps more often.
But that is not what the log shows. 45.________________. Only three times does Columbus depart from this course: once because of contrary winds, and twice to chase false signs of land southwest. In none of these cases does he show any desire to return to a celestially-determined latitude . This argument is a killer for the celestial hypothesis.
[A] Since DR is dependent upon continuous measurements of course and distance sailed, we should expect that any log kept by a DR navigator would have these records; and this is exactly what Columbus’s log looks like.
[B] On his return voyage in 1493, Columbus started from Samaria Bay on the north coast of Hispaniola, and he made landfall at Santa Maria Island in the Azores. We know his entire DR courses and distances between these two points, since they’re recorded in his log.
[C] In order for this method to work, the navigator needs a way to measure his course, and a way to measure the distance sailed. Course was measured by a magnetic compass. Distance was determined by a time and speed calculation: the navigator multiplied the speed of the vessel (in miles per hour) by the time traveled to get the distance.
[D] On the first voyage westbound, Columbus sticks doggedly to his magnetic westward course for weeks at a time.
[E] Could Columbus has corrected his compasses by checking them against the stars and thus avoids the need for course corrections This would have been possible in theory, but we know that Columbus could not have actually done this.
[F] Speed (and distance) was measured every hour. The officer of the watch would keep track of the speed and course sailed every hour by using a peg-board with holes radiating from the center along every point of the compass. The peg was moved from the center along the course traveled, for the distance made during that hour. After four hours, another peg was used to represent the distance made good in leagues during the whole watch. At the end of the day, the total distance and course for the day was transferred to the chart.
[G] In that case, as magnetic variation pulled his course southward from true west, he would have noticed the discrepancy from his celestial observations, and he would have corrected it.

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【单选题】The key word in Paragraph 4 is (). A. disability B. ignorance C. prejudice D. barriers

A.
No one knows exactly how many disabled people there are in the world, but estimates suggest the figure is over 450 million. The number of disabled people in India alone is probably more than double the total population of Canada.
B.
In the United Kingdom, about one in ten people have some disability. Disability is not just something that happens to other people: as get older, many of us will become less mobile, hard of hearing or have failing eyesight.
C.
Disablement can take many forms and occur at any time of life. Some people are born with disabilities. Many others become disabled as they get older. There are many progressive disabling diseases. The longer time goes on, the worse they become. Some people are disabled in accidents. Many others may have a period of disability in the form of a mental illness. All are affected by people’s attitude towards them.
D.
Disabled people face many physical barriers. Next time you go shopping or to work or visit friends, imagine how you would manage if you could not get up steps, or on to buses and trains. How would you cope if you could not see where you were going or could not hear the traffic But there are other barriers: prejudice can be even harder to break down and ignorance inevitably represents by far the greatest barrier of all. It is almost impossible for the able-bodied to fully appreciate what the severely disabled go through, so it is important to draw attention to these barriers and sow that it is the individual person and their ability, not their disability, which counts.

【单选题】比较容易实现企业经济效益和社会效益的统一,能带来综合效益的设备购置战略是()。

A.
产品开发型设备购置战略
B.
扩张型设备购置战略
C.
综合型设备购置战略
D.
更新型设备购置战略

【单选题】Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

A.
She is designing another Website.
B.
She couldn’t do BBS.
C.
She has no time.
D.
She hasn’t done any website design before.

【单选题】原发性肝癌消化道出血原因是

A.
食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血
B.
胃肠道黏膜糜烂出血
C.
两者皆有
D.
两者皆无

【单选题】某甲从A省拐骗18周岁少女1人,欲卖至B省。在拐卖途中,某甲几次强行奸淫该女,并强迫其卖淫,某甲的行为应当认定为( )

A.
构成拐卖妇女罪、强奸罪、强迫卖淫罪,应实行数罪并罚
B.
构成拐卖妇女罪与强迫卖淫罪,此两罪应实行数罪并罚,其强奸行为不宜单独定罪而应作为强迫卖淫罪中“强奸后迫使卖淫的”这一从重处罚的条件
C.
只构成强奸罪、强迫卖淫罪,因为其拐卖行为尚未完全实现
D.
只构成拐卖妇女罪,其强奸行为、强迫卖淫的行为只作为法定的从重处罚条件而不单独定罪