Understanding how nature reacts to climate (气候) change will require checking key life cycle events--flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring--all around the world. But ecologists (生态学家) can’t be everywhere, so they’re turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.
B.
A group of scientists and educators set up an organization last year called the National Phenology Network. "Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
C.
One of the group’s first efforts is to ask scientists and non-scientists to collect information about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle information on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People taking part in the project record their information on the Project BudBurst website.
D.
"People don’t have to be scientists--they just have to look around and see what’s in their neighbourhood," says Jennifer Schwartz, a scientist with the project. "As we collect this information, we’ll be able to know about the changes of plants and animals as the climate changes. "
E.
Not only that, the information also helps scientists learn about how these changes will have an effect on people, Scientists examining lilac (丁香花) flowering in western United States reported that in years when lilacs flowered early--before May 20th-wildfires later in the summer and fall were likely to be larger and more serious. Lilac flowering, then, could serve as an alarm bell.
F.
"The best way for us to increase our knowledge of how plants and animals are reacting to climate change is to increase the count of information we have," Schwartz says. "That’s why we need citizen scientists to get as much information from as many places on as many plants and anireals over as long a time period as we can. \
I’m told that during an international game of chess (国际象棋), many beautiful moves could bc made on a chessboard. In a decisive (36) in which he was evenly matched with a Russian master (37) , Marshall found his queen under serious attack. There were several ways of (38) , and since the queen is the most (39) piece, spectators (观众) thought Marshall would naturally move his queen to (40) .
B.
Deep in thought, Marshall used all his time to consider the (41) . He picked up his queen, paused, and placed it down on the most (42) square of all--a square from which the queen could be (43) by any one of three enemy pieces.
C.
Marshall had sacrificed (牺牲) his queen--an unthinkable move. Everyone else was (44) .
D.
Then the Russian, and the (45) , realized that Marshall had actually made a (46) move. It was clear that no matter how the (47) was taken, the Russian would soon be in a (48) position. Seeing this, the Russian admitted his defeat.
E.
When spectators recovered from the (49) of Marshall’s dating, they showered the chessboard with money. Marshall had achieved (50) in a very unusual and dating fashion--he had (51) by sacrificing the queen.
F.
To me, it’s not (52) that he won. What counts is that Marshall had broken with standard (53) to make such a move. He had looked (54) the usual patterns of play and had been willing to consider an imaginative risk on the basis of his judgment and his judgment alone. No matter how the game (55) , Marshall was the winner.