Passage Two

Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C.R. Dames has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of bricks as a brick building. It is certain that all the essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carded to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form sugars — the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis (光合作用), by which carbon dioxide and water are combined — in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light — to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaf. The leaf suce is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas — water vapor — to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates. (398 words)

A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ______ .