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【单选题】

Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity(the God) or of irrational matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the Transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self; therefore, all knowledge begins with self-knowledge. This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the "American Scholar" turns out to be simply "Man Thinking"; while, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself" merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam", where "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you". Also common to all five writers is the belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization, which, in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies., first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or herself and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual"s and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity. A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection—their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology—and by their interpretation of experience as, in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos, of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers" faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights.Notes: Transcendentalist先验论的。self-transcending;超越自我的。ethic伦理标准,道德规范。be torn between,在....之间左右为难。fraternity博爱。introspection 反省。seer,先知。metaphysical形而上学的 It can be inferred that the idea of "an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos" in paragraph 4 is necessary to the thinking of the five writers because such a relationship

A.
is the foundation of their humanistic view of existence.
B.
justifies their concept of the of the individual.
C.
enables them to assert the importance of the democratic ethic.
D.
denies their faith in the existence of intuition and imagination.
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【单选题】Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs.Common to all these writers is their humanistic pers...

A.
The spiritual and the material worlds are incompatible.
B.
Humanity can scarcely account for humans and the world.
C.
Self-knowledge stems partly from the perception of the universe.
D.
The structure of the universe can be discovered through self-knowledge.

【单选题】辩证法同形而上学的斗争是( )。

A.
又一个哲学的基本问题
B.
唯物主义同唯心主义斗争的表现形式
C.
从属于唯物主义同唯心主义的斗争,并同这种斗争交织在一起的
D.
高于唯物主义同唯心主义斗争的

【单选题】西方第一位具有形而上学倾向的哲学家是()。

A.
赫拉克利特
B.
毕达哥拉斯
C.
柏拉图
D.
亚里士多德

【单选题】唯物辩证法和形而上学的根本对立的焦点是 ( )

A.
A联系的观点和孤立的观点的对立
B.
发展的观点和不变的观点的对立
C.
全面的观点和片面的观点的对立
D.
是否承认矛盾和矛盾是事物发展的根本的动力观点的对立

【多选题】形而上学否定观主张

A.
事物的自我否定
B.
外在力量对事物存在性的消灭
C.
包含肯定的否定
D.
抽象的否定

【单选题】理智直观是形而上学的第一原理,这是谁的观点。()

A.
托马斯·阿奎那
B.
威廉·哈维
C.
弗兰西斯·培根
D.
笛卡尔