Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1.2（）

A．in
B．through
C．to
D．under

War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1) of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2) acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3) with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5) animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6) evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be (7) reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8) to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9) : It is a strategy for (10) the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11) .

The violence within society is controlled through (12) of law. The more developed a (13) system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14) to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15) the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16) The society assumes the responsibility for (17) individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18) punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19) by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.

The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20) the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.